Natural processes and human activity are capable of modifying manganese compounds. Inorganic Mn (taken from rocks) is used in the manufacture of metallic alloys, especially steels, in batteries, matchsticks, glass, fireworks, in the chemical, leather and textile industries, and as a fertilizer.
Niobium is a useful metal in a range of specialist alloys. In amounts as low as 0.1 per cent it has a significant strengthening effect on steel, making it suitable for use in gas pipelines for example. It is also involved in some highly temperature-stable superalloys used for engine parts in the aerospace industry. You can find them in large quantities in Brazil.
Iron ore is the source of primary iron for the world's iron and steel industries. It is therefore essential for the production of steel, which in turn is essential to maintain a strong industrial base. Almost all (98%) iron ore is used in steelmaking. Iron ore is mined in about 50 countries.
Cassiterite contains 78.6% Sn and are the principle tin ore throughout ancient history and remains the primary source of tin metal, used as plates, cans, containers, solders, and polishing compounds and alloys.
Gold is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, and from the collision of neutron stars, and to have been present in the dust from which the Solar System formed.
In the world of jewellery the phrase diamante generally refers to glittering stones that resemble diamonds. Originally these gems were made from rock crystal however since the 19th century these gems were usually made from crystal or glass.